When a group of radical Russian revolutionaries, the Bolsheviks, seized power in Russia and pulled out of World War I, Russia’s allies, including the Americans, were horrified. By early March 1918, the world war was over for the Russians, but the civil war was just getting started. In late 1917, they sued for peace, just as the forces of counterrevolution-supporters of the old regime, certain peasant groups, and national separatist movements-began military assaults on the Bolshevik central government. One of their more popular platforms was “peace at any cost”-a Russian exit from World War I. The most radical and least democratic of these socialists-the Bolsheviks-seized power in November 1917. Meanwhile, a grassroots socialist movement also claimed authority. In place of that autocracy, the new government tried-all at once-to manage new elections, a new constitution, and Russia’s part in the world war. In response to shortages and other economic dislocations, as well as the general mismanagement of the war effort, the Russian people overthrew Tsar Nicholas II and ended four centuries of tsarist rule. Russia was the first of the empires to collapse, in March 1917. World War I pitted Europe’s great powers against each other: Russia, France, and Britain versus Germany and Austria-Hungary. Historical Background: World War I and the Russian Revolution Navy’s role in the operations, and the ultimate failure of U.S. This essay explores the decision to intervene at Murmansk and then Archangel, the U.S. In 1918 the United States entered the Russian Civil War on the side of the so-called “Whites,” anti-Bolshevik counterrevolutionaries.
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